Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Canidae (dog family)
Genus: Canis (Latin word meaning "dog")
Species: lupus (Greek word meaning "wolf")
Common names: gray wolf, timber wolf
Names in other languages: Lobo (Spanish), Loup (French), Lupo (Italian), Varg (Swedish), Ulv (Norwegian)
Physical CharacteristicsAverage body mass: males 110 pounds (50 kg); females 90 pounds (41 kg)
Heaviest known wolf in Yellowstone: 148 pounds (wolf 760M of Yellowstone Delta pack with no food in stomach)
Average height at shoulder: males 81 cm, females 77 cm
Average length: 181 cm
Eyes: blue at birth, light yellow to gold to brown as an adult
Number of bones: 319 males, 318 females
Number of teeth: 42
Dental formulae: incisors 3 top/3 bottom, canines 1/1, premolars 4/4, molars 3/2 (on each side)
Pelage: gray or black (ratio 50:50), rarely white
Black coat color: caused by K-locus gene thought to have originated from historic hybridization with domestic dogs 500-14,000 years ago
Locomotion: tetrapedal, digitigrade
Average rate of speed: 5 miles/hour (8 kph)
Top speed: 35 miles/hour (56 kph)
Body temperature: 100-102.5 F (37.3-39.1 C)
Respiration: 10-30 breathes per minute
Heart rate: 70-120 beats per minute
Bite pressure: 1,200 psi
Senses and CommunicationSmell: excellent, although unmeasured. Estimated to be thousands of times better than humans
Vision: excellent night vision; no red or green cones, but have blue and yellow cones
Hearing: little is known, but probably similar to dogs (relatively normal hearing abilities compared to other mammals)
Howling function: many uses, including intrapack communication, advertising territory, coordinating social activities
Distance howling can be heard: forest=11km (6.6 mi), open areas=16 km (9.6 mi)
DietFeeding habits: generalist carnivore; scavenges when possible and has been known to eat small amounts of vegetation
Primary food sources in Yellowstone: Winter: elk (>96%), bison (3-4% and increasing in recent years; deer (1.5%); Spring: elk (89%), bison (7%), deer (7.1%); Summer: elk (85%), bison (14.1%), deer (5 years old: 18%
Current North American population: 67,100-74,100 (53,600-57,600 of these in Canada)
Average home range size in Yellowstone (northern range): 274 km2 (range=58-1,151 km2)
Average home range size in Yellowstone (interior): 620 km2 (range=105-1675 km2)
Average home range size in Yellowstone (park-wide): 428 km2
Group of wolves: pack/ family (one of few eusocial species)
Average pack size in Yellowstone: 9.8
Largest pack recorded in Yellowstone: Druid Peak, 37 wolves (2001); may be the largest ever recorded (42 wolves seen together in Wood Buffalo National Park (1974) but unknown if they were a single pack)
Percent of population that are lone wolves in Yellowstone: 2-5%
Percent of population that are lone wolves in North America: 10-15%
Sex ratio: 50:50
Breeding and PupsMating: usually monogamous, but about 25% of packs have multiple breeding pairs under polygymous matings
Courtship: mid-February
Gestation: 63 days
Birth period: mid-April
Birth location: den
Typical dens: excavated under large roots, boulders, hillsides, caves with a tunnel leading to an enlarged chamber; several entrances and chambers may be present
Den emergence: 10-14 days
Average litter size in Yellowstone: 4.4 at den emergence, 3.2 survive until late December
Maximum litter size recorded in Yellowstone: 11
Split litters: multiple fathers per litter have not been detected in wild gray wolves
Weaning: 5-9 weeks from milk, then brought food (regurgitation) for another 3 months
Milk content: 6.6% fat; 144 kCal per 100 grams
Rendezvous sites: used as wolf pups get older as a central homesite; time spent there and number of homesites varies widely between packs
Average female age at first litter in Yellowstone: 2.7
Oonset of female reproduction senescence: 4-5 years
Interbirth interval: can be every year
Eyes open: 12-14 days
Dispersal: both sexes, YNP average age 2 years, 1 month; range 1-4 years
Year Of The Carnivore 2009 17Download File >>> =2sKV0x2011 Year of the Carnivore 2010 18. Posts about Year of the Carnivore. New year's 2011 the only big carnivore in this park is the cougar.... Cougar watch... Category: Carnivore: Cougar (Felix ) Season: Year of the Carnivore Location: New York, New York, USA Duration: 17 videos added this year, duration: 3,7 sec. vide. [vodpod video=35758369]It's not about quantity but quality. If a predator is looking for an animal it is important that it does so in a way that causes the animal to make physical contact with it. The rubbing of fur or skin can be very effective in causing trauma, whether it is a natural rubbing or scratching caused by the predator. Trauma can be very effective in reducing fitness. If the animal is too injured to avoid the predator then it is on its own.Natural: What if a predator such as a lynx, cat or wolf was stalking a fawn?This is a small case study and may not be applicable in larger parks. But, once a predator enters a park in an area where the fawn is, it is important that it makes a physical contact with the fawn. If this can be avoided, avoid it. In one case the predator was seen and documented rubbing the fawn with the back of it's paw. It was observed that this caused the fawn to move around for 1.5 hours until it was tired and went to sleep. The predator moved on in search of another victim. Also, the rubbing of fur or skin does not have to be intentional. A predator may unintentionally rub against a small animal. This could be a very stressful experience for the fawn. If that happens, the fawn will need to be monitored for at least 3 months to be sure it survives. That experience will potentially reduce the chances that the fawn will try to avoid the predator and outrun it, instead it will allow it to run away or even find a protected place where the predator cannot get it.These are important distinctions when discussing bear hunts and trophy hunting in Wisconsin and other jurisdictions. Trophy hunting and bear hunting are not the same thing.Trophy hunting is usually involving a small predator which is hunting and feeding on a large prey animal. Trophy hunters often are not concerned with the health of the predator or the prey. Trophy animals are usually harvested for their trophy heads, claws and antlers. These trophies ee730c9e81
Year Of The Carnivore 2009 Subtitles
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